Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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