Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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