Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin