Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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