Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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