Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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