Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin