An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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