The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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