An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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