Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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