Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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