Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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