Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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