Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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