Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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