A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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