The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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