Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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