The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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