Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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