The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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