Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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