There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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