Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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