There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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