The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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