When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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