Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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