Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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