Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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