Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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