In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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