There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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