Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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