Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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