Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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