As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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