Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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