Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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