Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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