In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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