The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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