All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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