Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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