Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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