Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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