While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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