The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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