DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
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