The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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