Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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