An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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