RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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