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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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