In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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