While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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