The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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