An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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