In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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