Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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