Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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