A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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