Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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