All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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