Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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