“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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