Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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