Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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