“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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