A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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