A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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