A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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