An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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