To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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