There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
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