As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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