The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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