AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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