Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
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