Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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