A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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