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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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