The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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