A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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