AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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