In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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