RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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