Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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