Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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