A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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