In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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