Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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