An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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