Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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