A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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