To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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