An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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