To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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