Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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