Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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