Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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