Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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