In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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