An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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