A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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