The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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