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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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