A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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