Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin