Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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