Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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