Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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