Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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