As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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