The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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