Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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