Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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