To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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