Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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