One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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