In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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