An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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