To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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