The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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