A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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