Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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