Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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