Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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