A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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