This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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