Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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