Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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