A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin