Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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