The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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