There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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