A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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