pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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