The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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