In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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