In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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