Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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