Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin