Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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