A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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