Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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