Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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