Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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