A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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