Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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