Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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