A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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