Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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