Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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