A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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