Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin