Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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