Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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