The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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