Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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