In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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