One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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