Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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