Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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