A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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