Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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