Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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