Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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