Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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