Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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