One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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