Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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