Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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