As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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