Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin