Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin