Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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