Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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