Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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