Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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