Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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