Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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