Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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