Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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