“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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