There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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