At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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