As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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