To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin