A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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