Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin