As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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