There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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