As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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