Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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