Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
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