An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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