The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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