“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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