All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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