The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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