To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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