The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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