There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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