Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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