The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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