The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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