The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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