The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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