The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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