The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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