AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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