Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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