There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin