An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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