Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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