One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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