In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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