Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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