Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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