An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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