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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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