So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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