Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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