Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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