While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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