Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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