Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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