To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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