Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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