To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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