As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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