To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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