In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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