A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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