Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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