Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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